By James Berreth 

Editor in Chief 

Recently, I decided to explore the possibility of becoming an airline transport pilot, or ATP. As many people know, if you search long enough online, you can find answers to almost anything, and after doing extensive research myself, I thought I would share some of that knowledge with our readers. Along the way, I discovered a few disqualifying factors that would prevent me from flying for the airlines professionally. Rather than giving up on aviation altogether, I decided to pursue my private pilot license instead. I may never be at the controls of a large commercial jet, but I can still fulfill my passion for flying and gain valuable experience piloting smaller aircraft.  

For many aviation enthusiasts, becoming a pilot represents the fulfillment of a lifelong dream. However, the journey from student pilot to airline captain requires years of training, dedication, and experience. In the United States, pilots typically progress through three major certifications issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): the Private Pilot Certificate, the Commercial Pilot Certificate, and the Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) Certificate. Each level builds upon the previous one and opens the door to increasingly advanced flying opportunities. 

Becoming a Private Pilot 

The first major milestone in aviation is earning a Private Pilot Certificate. This certification allows individuals to fly aircraft for personal use and carry passengers, although they cannot legally be paid for flying services. 

To begin training, a student must meet several FAA requirements. A prospective pilot must be at least 17 years old by the time they take their practical test or checkride, though training can begin earlier. Students must also be able to read, speak, write, and understand English. Before flying solo, the student must obtain a medical certificate from an FAA-authorized aviation medical examiner. Most private pilots pursue a third-class medical certificate, which verifies they are physically and mentally fit to operate an aircraft safely. 

Flight training is conducted through either a Part 61 or Part 141 flight school. Part 61 programs tend to offer more flexibility, while Part 141 schools operate under a more structured curriculum approved by the FAA. Both paths ultimately lead to the same pilot certificate; however, a part 141 flight school will get airline transport pilots employable in less time. 

Student pilots are required to complete both ground school and flight training. Ground school covers topics such as aerodynamics, aircraft systems, weather, navigation, flight planning, airspace regulations, and FAA rules. Students must pass a written knowledge exam consisting of multiple-choice questions before moving on to the final stages of training. 

In the air, students learn basic flight maneuvers, takeoffs and landings, navigation, emergency procedures, radio communication, and cross-country flying. FAA regulations generally require a minimum of 40 flight hours for a private pilot certificate under Part 61 rules, though most students require closer to 60 or 70 hours before they are prepared for the checkride. 

The final step is the practical test, commonly referred to as the “checkride.” During the checkride, an FAA-designated examiner evaluates both the student’s oral knowledge and flight performance. Once the student successfully completes the examination, they become a licensed private pilot. 

Advancing to a Commercial Pilot Certificate 

After obtaining a private pilot certificate, many pilots continue training to become commercial pilots. A Commercial Pilot Certificate allows pilots to legally receive compensation for flying. This certification is essential for careers such as flight instruction, charter operations, aerial photography, agricultural aviation, cargo operations, and eventually airline flying. 

The first step toward a commercial certificate is accumulating additional flight experience. Commercial applicants must log at least 250 total flight hours under Part 61 regulations, although some Part 141 programs allow as little as 190 hours of flight time. Pilots must also hold an instrument rating, which permits them to fly in poor weather conditions using only cockpit instruments for navigation. 

Instrument training is a major step in professional development. Pilots learn how to operate safely in clouds and reduced visibility while relying on sophisticated navigation systems and air traffic control instructions. This training sharpens precision and situational awareness, both of which are critical in professional aviation. 

Commercial pilot training introduces more advanced aircraft operations and maneuvers. Pilots practice chandelles, lazy eights, steep spirals, and precision landings while refining their ability to manage aircraft systems and emergencies. Greater emphasis is placed on professionalism, accuracy, and smooth aircraft control. 

Commercial pilot candidates must pass another FAA written exam followed by a practical test with an examiner. During the checkride, the applicant demonstrates advanced flight proficiency and decision-making skills. Upon successful completion, the pilot receives a Commercial Pilot Certificate and can begin earning income through aviation. 

Many commercial pilots choose to become Certified Flight Instructors (CFIs) after obtaining their commercial license. Flight instruction is one of the most common ways for pilots to build the experience necessary for airline careers because it allows them to accumulate flight hours while being paid to teach others. 

Reaching the Airline Transport Pilot Level 

The Airline Transport Pilot Certificate, commonly known as the ATP, is the highest level of pilot certification issued by the FAA. It is required for pilots serving as captains at airlines and for most airline first officers in the United States. 

To qualify for an ATP certificate, pilots must meet extensive experience requirements. In most cases, pilots need at least 1,500 total flight hours, although certain military and university aviation programs allow reduced-hour pathways. Applicants must also be at least 23 years old and hold a first-class FAA medical certificate, which has stricter health standards than lower medical classes. 

Before taking the ATP practical test, pilots must complete the Airline Transport Pilot Certification Training Program (ATP-CTP). This course includes classroom instruction and simulator training focused on high-altitude aerodynamics, airline operations, crew resource management, adverse weather, and advanced aircraft systems. The program is designed to prepare pilots for the complexity of airline flying. 

Following the ATP-CTP course, candidates must pass the FAA ATP written examination. Pilots then complete simulator or aircraft training in a multi-engine aircraft, often tied directly to airline hiring and type-rating programs. A type rating is required for pilots flying large transport-category aircraft such as the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320. 

The ATP practical test evaluates advanced knowledge, judgment, and crew coordination skills. Pilots must demonstrate their ability to manage complex aircraft systems, respond to emergencies, communicate effectively with air traffic control, and operate safely in demanding environments. 

Once pilots obtain their ATP certificate, they become eligible for airline employment. Many pilots begin as first officers at regional airlines before eventually advancing to major airlines and captain positions. Airline pilots continue undergoing recurrent training and simulator evaluations throughout their careers to maintain proficiency and safety standards. 

Becoming a professional pilot requires a significant investment of both time and money. Earning a private pilot certificate may cost between $12,000 and $20,000 depending on location, aircraft rental rates, and the number of training hours required. Commercial and instrument training can add tens of thousands of dollars more, while total costs through the ATP level may exceed $80,000 to $120,000. 

The timeline also varies. Some students complete private pilot training within several months, while reaching the ATP level and airline eligibility often takes several years. Despite the challenges, many pilots view aviation as a rewarding profession that combines technical skill, responsibility, and the opportunity to travel extensively. 

The journey from student pilot to airline transport pilot is demanding but highly rewarding. Along the way, they develop discipline, precision, and decision-making abilities that are essential for operating aircraft safely. For those willing to dedicate themselves to the process, aviation offers a unique career filled with opportunity, challenge, and adventure.